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While normally the clinical-trial gold standard, since the very first nicotine gum studies, smoking cessation trials have been plagued by an inability to blind experienced quitters as to withdrawals arrival

PMID 14078362

Table 2 reports the impact of community education on smoking behavior, measured across three outcomes: ever smoked, current smoker, and the log of average daily cigarette consumption

One practical consideration: nicotine replacement therapy (patches, gum, lozenges) can produce positive cotinine results even after cigarette cessation meaning a former smoker using NRT to quit may still test positive for cotinine and be classified as a tobacco user at carriers that treat any positive cotinine as smoker-equivalent